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TCP/IP Overview
Point Heading:
TCP/IP is a suite of communication protocols used to interconnect network devices on the internet. It stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.
Point Heading:
It provides end-to-end data communication specifying how data should be packetized, addressed, transmitted, routed, and received at the destination.
Point Heading:
The TCP/IP model is structured in layers, each with specific functionality, ensuring reliable transmission of data.
Layers of TCP/IP Model
Application Layer:
This layer provides applications the ability to access the services of the other layers and defines the protocols that applications use to exchange data.
Transport Layer:
Responsible for providing communication with the application by acknowledging and sequencing the packets to and from the application.
Internet Layer:
Handles the movement of packets around the network, including routing through intermediate routers.
Network Interface Layer:
Defines how data is physically sent through the network, including how bits are electrically signaled by hardware devices that interface directly with a network medium.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Reliable Communication:
TCP provides reliable communication between two devices, ensuring data is delivered accurately and in the correct sequence.
Flow Control:
It manages the rate of data transmission between two devices to prevent a fast sender from overwhelming a slow receiver.
Error Detection:
TCP includes error-checking mechanisms to detect any corruption or loss of data during transmission.
Internet Protocol (IP)
Routing:
IP is responsible for routing the packets from the source host to the destination host across multiple networks.
Addressing:
It provides logical addressing (IP addresses) which are used to identify each device on the network uniquely.
Fragmentation:
IP can break down large packets into smaller fragments to accommodate different network media's maximum transmission unit (MTU).
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
Connectionless Protocol:
UDP is a connectionless protocol that does not guarantee delivery, order, or error checking, making it faster and more efficient for certain applications.
Usage Scenarios:
Ideal for applications that require fast, efficient transmission, such as video streaming or online gaming.
Lightweight:
UDP has a smaller packet overhead compared to TCP, which makes it suitable for applications where speed is more critical than reliability.
IP Addressing
IPv4:
IPv4 is the fourth version of the Internet Protocol, using a 32-bit address scheme allowing for over 4 billion unique addresses.
IPv6:
IPv6 is the successor to IPv4, using a 128-bit address scheme, vastly increasing the number of available IP addresses.
Subnetting:
Subnetting allows for the division of an IP network into smaller subnetworks, optimizing address allocation and improving security.
Domain Name System (DNS)
Functionality:
DNS translates human-friendly domain names like www.example.com into numerical IP addresses needed for locating and identifying computer services and devices.
Hierarchy:
DNS operates in a hierarchical manner, with root servers at the top, followed by TLD (Top-Level Domain) servers, and authoritative servers at the bottom.
Caching:
DNS caching improves efficiency by storing DNS query results locally on a device or within a network, reducing the need to repeatedly query DNS servers.
Network Address Translation (NAT)
Purpose:
NAT allows multiple devices on a local network to share a single public IP address for accessing the internet, conserving global IP address space.
Types:
There are several types of NAT, including static, dynamic, and PAT (Port Address Translation), each serving different networking needs.
Security:
NAT adds a layer of security by masking internal IP addresses from external networks, making it harder for attackers to target specific devices.
