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C++ Introduction
What is C++?
C++ is a general-purpose programming language created by Bjarne Stroustrup as an extension of the C programming language. It is known for its versatility and performance, making it popular in software development.
#include
using namespace std;
int main() {
cout << "Welcome to C++ Programming!";
return 0;
}
Console Output:
Welcome to C++ Programming!
Basic Syntax
Understanding C++ Syntax
C++ syntax is similar to C but with added features like classes and objects. It supports procedural, object-oriented, and generic programming paradigms.
#include
using namespace std;
int main() {
int number = 10;
cout << "The number is: " << number;
return 0;
}
Console Output:
The number is: 10
Variables and Data Types
Defining Variables
Variables are used to store data in C++. They have a type that defines the kind of data they can hold, such as int, float, char, etc.
#include
using namespace std;
int main() {
int age = 25;
float salary = 50000.50;
char grade = 'A';
cout << "Age: " << age << ", Salary: " << salary << ", Grade: " << grade;
return 0;
}
Console Output:
Age: 25, Salary: 50000.50, Grade: A
Control Structures
Conditional Statements
C++ supports conditional statements like if, else if, and else to control the flow of the program based on conditions.
#include
using namespace std;
int main() {
int number = 5;
if (number > 0) {
cout << "The number is positive.";
} else {
cout << "The number is not positive.";
}
return 0;
}
Console Output:
The number is positive.
Loops
Using Loops in C++
Loops are used to execute a block of code repeatedly. The most common loops in C++ are for, while, and do-while loops.
#include
using namespace std;
int main() {
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
cout << "Iteration: " << i << endl;
}
return 0;
}
Console Output:
Iteration: 1
Iteration: 2
Iteration: 3
Iteration: 4
Iteration: 5
Functions
Defining Functions
Functions are blocks of code that perform a specific task. They help in making the code modular and reusable.
#include
using namespace std;
void greet() {
cout << "Hello, welcome to C++!";
}
int main() {
greet();
return 0;
}
Console Output:
Hello, welcome to C++!
Arrays
Working with Arrays
Arrays are used to store multiple values of the same type in a single variable. They are useful for managing collections of data.
#include
using namespace std;
int main() {
int numbers[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
cout << "Number: " << numbers[i] << endl;
}
return 0;
}
Console Output:
Number: 1
Number: 2
Number: 3
Number: 4
Number: 5
Pointers
Understanding Pointers
Pointers are variables that store memory addresses. They are powerful tools in C++ for dynamic memory management and efficient data handling.
#include
using namespace std;
int main() {
int value = 42;
int* ptr = &value;
cout << "Value: " << value << ", Pointer: " << ptr << ", Dereferenced: " << *ptr;
return 0;
}
Console Output:
Value: 42, Pointer: 0x7ffee3b7f9c4, Dereferenced: 42
Classes and Objects
Object-Oriented Programming
C++ supports object-oriented programming, allowing developers to create classes and objects to model real-world entities and relationships.
#include
using namespace std;
class Car {
public:
string brand;
int year;
void display() {
cout << "Brand: " << brand << ", Year: " << year;
}
};
int main() {
Car car1;
car1.brand = "Toyota";
car1.year = 2020;
car1.display();
return 0;
}
Console Output:
Brand: Toyota, Year: 2020
